Philosophy+Timeline

Pre-Socratics:
 * Scholars consider Lecippus the founder of the atomistic school and speculative thinker of the highest degree.
 * Democratics lived in Abdera in north Greece.
 * Lecippus and Democratics described atoms as hard and indivisible with different shapes and sizes, yet invisible to the naked eye. The different shapes of the atoms allow them to join together into all kinds of different bodies.

Socrates:
 * "Ignorance is the only evil" - said by Socrates.
 * Socrates believed that happiness came from leading a good life.
 * Socrates believed that he might find out what is right from wrong by asking questions (understanding).
 * Socrates was arrested and accuses of corrupting young minds and worshipping false gods.
 * Socrates believed laws should be made by the wise.

Plato:
 * Knowledge is justified true belief.
 * True knowledge cannot be gained through the five senses.
 * The world we live in is a shadow of the real world; to escape this shadow, you have to go beyond perception.
 * The mind moves through four stages to gain knowledge: 1. Imaging, 2. Belief, 3. Thinking, 4. Reason/Intuition

Aristotle:
 * Aristotle was a Greek philosopher (382 BC-322 BC).
 * He was the student of Plato.
 * His main ideas were Golden Mean, Logic, Reason, and Passion.
 * Plato's main interests was the Platonic Realism, the abstract ideas of life, justice, education, and family.
 * The main interests of Aristotle were logic, reason, and observation.
 * Plato and Aristotle differ in their philosophies.
 * Plato's works were more of metaphysical nature whereas Aristotle's work was more of self-analysis.

Early Christians - Martin Luther
 * Greeks: humans need education.
 * Christianity: humans need God to save them and most humans deserve to go to Hell.
 * Islam, Christianity, and Judaism all have a belief in one God.
 * Church: you should pay money to go to Heaven.
 * Luther was a monk in Germany.
 * He translated the Bible from from Latin to Germany.
 * He worked to change the Church authority.

Utilitarianism: Jeremy Bentham: John Mill:
 * Principle of utility.
 * Pleasure and pain are the motivating factors of all human beings.
 * 4 sanctions: physical, moral, political, religious.
 * Human liberty.
 * Harm principle.
 * Son of the famous ricardian economist (James Mill).
 * Individualist.

The Rise of Science:
 * Historically ordered.
 * Galileo Galilei was the first to reason the innate knowledge that authority gave him.
 * He compared the mass in space to generate his theories.
 * Descartés was also against the fact that knowledge was justified by authority.
 * Hobbes thought of people as initially evil, that they were selfish.
 * Newton mostly thought of the world being neutral to rationalize his scientific theories.

Empiricism:
 * Knowledge comes form the five senses.
 * Emphasizes the importance of experience and direct evidence.
 * Follows scientific method philosophy.
 * All theories and claims must be tested by observing and perceiving the world.
 * Rejects the idea of only gaining knowledge through logic and reason.
 * Locke, Hobbes, and Berkeley were the main drivers of the philosophy.

Existentialists (Kierkegaard & Nietzsche) Kierkegaard: Nietzsche:
 * Rationalists.
 * Each person has the liberty to choose what he or she wants to become, not choosing is choosing.
 * To exist, you have to be aware and perceiving.
 * We had a relationship with God and fell. This fall caused our alienation, our existence.
 * "God is dead."
 * In his book "The Gay Science," he creates a madman who seeks God and demonstrates how our faults have killed God.
 * Humans have faults.
 * To fulfill highest level of physical, intellectual, and emotional development means you are a superman.